Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon double bond. Pressure and steam an interesting aspect of ethene production. What is the cracking of hydrocarbons after the fractional distillation of crude oil there are too many large hydrocarbons and not enough small hydrocarbons to meet the publics demand. Powerpoint name hydrocarbons iupac rules, multiple bonds subject chemistry resources for high school teachers and students powerpoint lessons, notes, labs, worksheets, handouts, practice problems, and solutions.
A benzene ring is a ring of six carbon atoms with three double bonds. Most of the pahs with low vapour pressure in the air are adsorbed on particles. Thermal cracking gives mixtures of products containing high proportions of hydrocarbons with double bonds alkenes. Cracking, in petroleum refining, the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalysts. Cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by thermal cracking. It is widely used to convert the highboiling, highmolecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils into more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases, and other products. Boasting an impressive range of designs, they will support your presentations with inspiring background photos or videos that support your themes, set the right mood, enhance your credibility and inspire your audiences. Hydrocarbons are used mainly as fuels, solvents and lubricants. The gasoline and diesel fuel that are used in cars, trucks, and. Hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only c and h atoms. Steam cracking is a petrochemical process in which saturated hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, often unsaturated, hydrocarbons.
Pdf hydrocarbons cracking in the presence of alcohol. Classes of hydrocarbons alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons uniwersytet warszawski. Facts about cracking hydrocarbons present the information about a process of cracking employed in the chemistry and petroleum geology. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. Hydrocarbon cracking reactions on nickel sciencedirect. Gcse chemistry what is the chemistry of the cracking of. Steam cracking process ethylene is almost exclusively produced by thermally cracking petroleum hydrocarbons in the presence of steam over 97% of the annual volume, in a process known as steam cracking or pyrolysis 7, whose simplified flowsheet is shown in figure1. Gcse chemistry what is the cracking of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocracking process was commercially developed in 1927 by i. Catalytic cracking breaks complex hydrocarbons into simpler molecules. Ppt hydrocarbons powerpoint presentation free to view. Galwey from the chemistry department, the queens university o belast, northern ireland received june 21, 1967. They are unsaturated and have at least one double bond. Ppt hydrocarbons powerpoint presentation free to view id. Catalytic cracking presentation cracking chemistry zeolite. Catalytic cracking catalytic depolymerisation to biocrude followed by hydrotreatment. A presentation and worksheet on hydrocarbon cracking. Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel. Hydrocracking of large molecules hydrocracking of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules occurs in nearly all processes carried out in the presence of excess hydrogen. Tph total petroleum hydrocarbon measure of hydrocarbon c 6 thruc 40. Cracking of hydrocarbons always produces alkene molecules as well as smaller alkane molecules n alkenes are hydrocarbons with the general formula c h 2n.
Cracking is a form of thermal decomposition, which breaks long chain hydrocarbons, many of which are not very useful, into shorter molecules by heating them. Catalytic cracking in which a catalyst is employed and which produces high yields of branched and cyclic alkanes. Cracking can be classified as a thermal decomposition reaction, since heat and a catalyst is required to break down molecules. History hydrocracking is the conversion of higher boiling point petroleum fractions to gasoline and jet fuels in the presence of a catalyst. Cracking is the name given to breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful bits. Cracking takes place at high temperatures as the large molecules pass over a catalyst. Hydrocarbon cracking is the process whereby large and heavy hydrocarbon molecules. Cracking of ethane and propane to produce ethylene. Ethane, liquefied petroleum gas lpg and gasoline represents usual feedstock of the process, however. Steam cracking plants figures 1 and 2 use a variety of feedstocks, for example. I did the demo of cracking but used the diagram as well. Starter write a definition for the following terms.
View aromatic hydrocarbons ppts online, safely and virusfree. Journal of catalysis 10, 277289 1968 hydrocarbon cracking reactions on nickel j. Some of the large hydrocarbons the heavier fractions are broken down into more useful smaller hydrocarbons lighter fractions by a process known as cracking. Oils can be recovered from the soils volumetric heating simplifies material handling, potentially enables. Farben in germany for conversion of lignite rarely black coal to gasoline. Steam cracker units are facilities in which a feedstock such as naphtha, liquefied. A liquid petroleum gas b liquefied power gas c low petrol gas. Hydrocarbon cracking is the process whereby large and heavy hydrocarbon molecules longchain hydrocarbons are broken down up into simpler and smaller bits as light hydrocarbons shortchain hydrocarbons by the breaking a carboncarbon bonds in cracking stock.
Ethene c 2 h 4 is an example of a family of hydrocarbons called the alkenes. Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, are those that have at least one benzene ring in them. Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon triple bond. This is done by heating the hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst. One of the byproducts of this thermal decomposition reaction is ethene. Organic chemistry chemistry of compounds that contain carbon combine mainly with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen over 10 million compounds made with these 4 elements 95% of compounds contain carbon form stable, covalent bonds with each other introduction. Realworld reading link if you have ridden in a car or a bus, you have used hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon molecules are broken up in a fairly random way to produce mixture of smaller hydrocarbons, some of which have carboncarbon double bonds. Update with compositional model results production 1. The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain a benzene ring. The purpose of this process is to get the simpler molecules from the complex organized molecules.
A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. As the cracking reaction progresses, the catalyst is progressively deactivated by the formation of coke on the surface of the catalyst. Knowledge of thermal cracking of hydrocarbons is important in understanding and modeling petroleum maturation. The process of cracking can be conducted on the long chain hydrocarbon. Schematic diagram of a fluid catalytic cracking unit. These fractions are then modified by cracking, condensation, polymerization, and alkylation processes, and. Powerpoint name hydrocarbons iupac rules, multiple bonds. The petrochemical industry, the industrial production of ethene activity 2. A cracking b fractional distillation c hydrocarbonisation. The petrochemical industry, pressure and steam in ethene production activity 3. Catalytic cracking uses heat, pressure and a catalyst to break larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, lighter molecules. This is achieved by using high pressures and temperatures without a catalyst, or lower temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst. Hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons iupac system of naming organic compounds iupac system of naming organic compounds naming branches as groups naming.
Us2985695a us7083a us708358a us2985695a us 2985695 a us2985695 a us 2985695a us 7083 a us7083 a us 7083a us 708358 a us708358 a us 708358a us 2985695 a us2985695 a us 2985695a authority us united states prior art keywords oxygen hydrocarbons gas hydrocarbon flame prior art date 19570111 legal status the legal status. Catalytic cracking presentation free download as powerpoint presentation. One possible reaction involving the hydrocarbon c15 h32 might be. Esso and chevron applied this process later in usa. Tbp curve of a sample light sweet crude oil is being used currently. Apparatus delivery tube and bung bunsen burner boiling tube containing mineral wool porous pot liquid paraffin clamp and stand. Fluid catalytic cracking fcc is one of the most important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries. The simplest alkanes are hydrocarbons compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The terminology light and heavy in this context refers to the product. Catalytic cracking catalytic cracking catalytic cracking uses heat, pressure and a catalyst to break larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, lighter molecules. Many of the substances with longer molecules produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil are cracked. These reactions liberate about 50btuscf of hydrogen con sumed. This process is sometimes also called pyrolysis of oil.
Hydrocarbons thermal cracking selectivity depending on. Cracking of hydrocarbons aqa gcse chemistry 91 teaching. The process whereby catalysts are added to certain hydrocarbons in order to break them into smaller hydrocarbons suitable for petrol and plastics is called. It is the principal industrial method for producing lighter alkenes olefins, including ethene or ethylene and propene or propylene figure 3. They have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Thermal cracking or simply cracking is a process of breaking down the larger and heavier nonvolatile molecules of hydrocarbons primarily crude oil into smaller and lighter molecules by application of heat at high temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst. The hydrocarbons which contain at least one special type of hexagonal ring of carbon atoms with three double bond in the alternate positions are called aromatic hydrocarbon. During the refining process, crude oil is separated into fractions having similar boiling points. It is the principal industrial method for producing the lighter alkenes or commonly olefins, including ethene or ethylene and propene or propylene. Cracking of hydrocarbons involves thermal decomposition. These are hydrocarbons which contain at least one carboncarbon triple bond.
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